Brussels Griffon

Ultimate Dog Wiki

The Brussels Griffon—a small dog with an expression so serious that it borders on comical—has won over hearts around the world with its combination of charm, personality, and an undeniable air of importance. You may recognize this breed from its famous appearance in As Good as It Gets alongside Jack Nicholson, but make no mistake: the Brussels Griffon isn’t just a celebrity dog. It’s a breed with an unexpected and fascinating history, one that takes us from the streets of Belgium to the laps of royalty.

Lifespawn

12-15 years

Weight

8 to 12 pounds (3.6 to 5.4 kg)

Height

7 to 10 inches (18 to 25 cm) at the shoulder.

Colours

Red, black and tan, black, or a mix of black and reddish-brown.

Size

Small

Breed Group

Toy Group

Quick Facts

  • A great option for first-time owners, especially with consistent training and socialization.
  • Intelligent and eager to please, making them easy to train with positive methods.
  • Moderate energy, enjoying regular walks and playtime to stay happy.
  • Small-sized with a compact, manageable build.
  • Minimal drooling, keeping things neat and tidy.
  • Moderate grooming needs; regular brushing keeps their coat healthy.
  • Not hypoallergenic but sheds very little.
  • Occasionally barks to alert or during play but isn’t overly noisy.
  • Naturally watchful and makes a dependable little watchdog.
  • Generally gets along well with other pets when socialized early.
  • Good with kids but needs supervision due to their small size and sensitivity.

History and Origin

Origins: From Street Dog to Royal Companion

The Brussels Griffon’s story begins in the streets of Brussels, Belgium, in the early 19th century. Far from the lapdog it is known as today, this breed started as a humble rat-catcher. In Brussels, small, wiry-haired terriers—known locally as “Griffons d’Ecurie” (Stable Griffons)—were bred by cab drivers to keep their stables free of rats. These scrappy little dogs were tough, determined, and fearless in their pursuit of rodents.

So, how did this hardworking terrier evolve into the refined, toy-like Brussels Griffon we know today? The transformation came through selective breeding. By the mid-19th century, breeders crossed the local stable dogs with Pugs, King Charles Spaniels, and possibly Affenpinschers. This mix produced a smaller, more refined dog with a distinctive flat face, smooth or wiry coat, and a charming yet self-important personality that remains a hallmark of the breed.

The breed’s rise to prominence began in the late 1800s, when Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium, wife of King Leopold II, became an admirer of the Brussels Griffon. Her fondness for the breed helped elevate it from its working-class roots to a companion for the elite. Soon, these quirky little dogs found their way into aristocratic homes across Europe.

The Brussels Griffon’s Role in Society: A Dog with Personality

While their rat-hunting days are mostly behind them, Brussels Griffons continue to charm people with their larger-than-life personality. With wide-set, human-like eyes and an expressive face, Griffons are often described as having an emotional intelligence unmatched in the dog world.

  • Loyal Companions: Brussels Griffons thrive on human companionship. Unlike some toy breeds that can be aloof, Griffons love being involved in everything you do. Known as “Velcro dogs,” they are happiest sticking close to their owners. While not overly energetic, they enjoy playful moments and will eagerly join in games or adventures.

  • Celebrity Appeal: Their unique looks and quirky personalities have captured attention far beyond Belgium. Perhaps the most famous Brussels Griffon is Jill the Dog, the dog from the movie As Good as It Gets. Griffons have also appeared in TV shows, commercials, and are often spotted as Instagram stars.

  • Big Attitude in a Small Package: Despite their small size, Brussels Griffons are confident and sometimes even bossy. They have a natural dignity that makes them seem larger than life, and they won’t hesitate to “talk back” if they feel ignored.

Recognition and Popularity: From Belgium to the World

Although initially popular in Belgium and neighboring countries, Brussels Griffons took time to gain recognition elsewhere. In the United States, the American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the breed in 1910, placing it in the Toy Group. Today, the breed enjoys modest popularity and is still considered somewhat rare.

  • Global Recognition: The Brussels Griffon is recognized by major kennel clubs, including the United Kennel Club (UKC) and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). While the breed’s popularity surged during the early 20th century, particularly in England and the U.S., it has remained a favorite among enthusiasts who appreciate its distinctive look and charming personality.

  • Popularity Rankings: Though not common, Brussels Griffons have a devoted following. In 2023-2024, they ranked 92th in popularity out of nearly 200 breeds. While you might not see them often at the local dog park, those who know the breed treasure its unique personality and expressive charm.


Physical Characteristics

The Brussels Griffon is a small breed with a compact, square body. Despite their small size, they have a sturdy, muscular build, which reflects their background as ratters in the streets of Belgium.

  • Males and females typically stand between 7 to 10 inches (18–25 cm) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 8 to 12 pounds (3.6–5.5 kg).

Their small size makes them ideal for apartment living, but they have an alert and active nature that requires regular activity.

The Brussels Griffon comes in two distinct coat types: rough (wirehaired) and smooth. Each coat type requires different levels of grooming, but both are known for their striking appearance.

  • Texture:
    • The rough coat is dense and wiry, with a slightly untidy look that gives the breed a unique, almost “bearded” appearance. The rough coat requires more grooming to keep it from matting.
    • The smooth coat is short, glossy, and lies flat against the body, similar to that of a Pug.
  • Color: Brussels Griffons come in several colors, including:
    • Red: A reddish-brown hue.
    • Black: Solid black or black with tan points (a combination of black and red markings).
    • Belge: A mix of black and reddish-brown.
    • Tan: A lighter brown shade that can appear throughout the coat.

Their expressive faces, combined with their rich coat colors, make them one of the more visually unique small breeds.

The Brussels Griffon is easily recognizable by its distinctive facial features, which many people liken to that of a monkey or even a human due to its expressive appearance.

  • Head and Expression: The breed is known for its large, round head in proportion to its body, with a short muzzle and a very pronounced stop. Their large, dark eyes contribute to their almost human-like expressions, often described as inquisitive and mischievous.
  • Ears: Their small, high-set ears can either be cropped to stand erect or left natural, in which case they will fold over.
  • Body and Build: Despite their small size, the Brussels Griffon has a strong, compact body with a straight back. Their tail is typically docked, carried upright, and adds to their proud posture.

These distinctive features, combined with their compact size, give them a confident and charming appearance that has made them popular among urban dwellers.


Temperament and Behavior

The Brussels Griffon is a highly intelligent breed that is known for its quick learning abilities but can also be a bit stubborn.

  • Trainability: Griffons are eager to please, but they are also independent thinkers. This can make training challenging at times, particularly for novice dog owners. Positive reinforcement, using treats and praise, is essential to keeping them motivated. Harsh training methods will only make them more stubborn and resistant.
  • Working Instincts: Though they are primarily companion dogs today, Brussels Griffons were originally bred as ratters, meaning they have a sharp, inquisitive nature. They are alert and quick to notice small movements, which can sometimes lead to distractibility during training.

Starting training early, focusing on basic obedience, and keeping training sessions short and engaging can help manage their independent streak.

The Brussels Griffon has a moderate energy level, and while they enjoy periods of play and activity, they are not as hyperactive as some other small breeds.

  • Exercise Requirements: They need about 30 to 60 minutes of exercise per day. This can include walks, playtime, or indoor games. They enjoy activities that challenge them mentally, such as puzzle toys or games of fetch, which help burn off both physical and mental energy.
  • Playfulness: Brussels Griffons are known for their playful, mischievous nature. They love to play with their owners, often acting like clowns to get attention. Their small size and playful personality make them great companions for both individuals and families.

Although they are not overly energetic, without enough mental and physical stimulation, they may become restless or bark excessively.

The Brussels Griffon is extremely affectionate and loyal, often forming close bonds with its owners and family members.

  • Loyalty: Griffons are known for being velcro dogs—they tend to follow their owners from room to room and dislike being left alone for extended periods. This strong attachment can sometimes lead to separation anxiety, so it’s important to ensure they feel secure when left alone.
  • Affectionate Nature: Brussels Griffons thrive on human interaction and are happiest when they are included in daily activities. They are generally good with children if raised with them, though their small size and sensitive nature mean they are best suited for homes with older children who can handle them gently.

Their strong bond with their owners means they can be a bit reserved with strangers, but with proper socialization, they are generally friendly and curious rather than shy or aggressive.



Caring and Grooming

The Brussels Griffon’s grooming needs vary depending on the type of coat they have—rough or smooth.

  • Brushing:
    • The rough-coated Griffon requires more frequent grooming, ideally brushed 2 to 3 times per week to prevent matting and tangling. Their coats should also be hand-stripped periodically to maintain the correct texture and remove dead hairs.
    • The smooth-coated Griffon is much lower maintenance, needing only weekly brushing to keep their coat clean and remove loose hairs.
  • Bathing: Both coat types benefit from bathing every 4 to 6 weeks, depending on their level of activity and exposure to dirt. Over-bathing can dry out their skin, so it’s best to bathe only when necessary.

Ear cleaning, nail trimming, and dental care are essential parts of grooming for both coat types. Their large eyes are prone to tear staining, so wiping their faces regularly can help keep them clean.

Brussels Griffons are moderately active dogs that require daily exercise but do not need long periods of intense activity.

  • 30 to 60 minutes of daily exercise is sufficient to meet their physical and mental needs. This can be a combination of short walks, indoor play, and games that challenge their minds, such as hide-and-seek or puzzle toys.
  • Mental Stimulation: Being an intelligent breed, they also need mental challenges to stay engaged and happy. Training sessions, interactive toys, and social interactions can help keep them entertained.

Griffons can adapt to both apartment living and homes with yards, as long as they receive enough attention and activity.

The Brussels Griffon requires a well-balanced diet to maintain their small size and active lifestyle. They typically need 1/2 to 1 cup of high-quality dry dog food per day, divided into two meals.

  • Lean proteins help maintain their muscular build, while healthy fats provide the energy they need for their playful nature.
  • They can be prone to weight gain, so it’s important to monitor portion sizes and avoid overfeeding, especially with treats.

Owners should consult their veterinarian to ensure they are meeting the specific dietary needs of their individual dog, especially if they show signs of food allergies or sensitivities.



Ideal Living Environment

The Brussels Griffon is well-suited to apartment living due to their small size and relatively moderate exercise needs. They do not require a large yard but do enjoy outdoor playtime if available.

They thrive in environments where they can be close to their owners, making them great companions for both single people and families.

Due to their small size, it’s important that they are not left unattended in large, unsecured outdoor spaces, as they can be prone to accidents or escape.

The Brussels Griffon’s coat allows them to tolerate a range of climates, though they are better suited to moderate temperatures:

In cold weather, rough-coated Griffons have some protection, but all Griffons may need extra warmth, such as a dog coat, during outdoor activities in extreme cold.

In hot climates, care should be taken to avoid overheating, particularly in the smooth-coated variety, as their small size and short muzzle can make them prone to heat exhaustion.

Brussels Griffons, while small, have big personalities and generally do well with other pets if properly socialized.

Other dogs: Brussels Griffons typically get along with other dogs, especially if they’re introduced carefully and socialized early. They tend to enjoy the company of dogs their own size, though their boldness can sometimes lead them to challenge larger dogs (without realizing their size difference!).

Cats: These dogs can get along with cats, especially if raised together. Their playful nature may sometimes result in chasing, but they often coexist peacefully with feline friends.

Small pets: As former rat catchers, Brussels Griffons might have an instinct to chase small pets like hamsters or rabbits. It’s best to supervise interactions with small, furry critters and create boundaries.



Life Stages

Brussels Griffon puppies are energetic and curious, requiring early socialization and training to help them develop into well-mannered adults. Positive reinforcement is key, as they can be sensitive and stubborn at times. Introducing them to different environments and people at an early age will help build their confidence.

In adulthood (around 1.5 to 7 years), Griffons are at their peak in terms of energy and temperament. They need regular exercise and socialization to stay happy and well-adjusted, and they make excellent companions for families, singles, or older individuals.

Their loyalty and affection grow stronger during this stage, making them deeply attached to their owners.

As Brussels Griffons age (around 7 years and older), their energy levels may decrease, but they still require regular exercise to maintain their health. A senior-specific diet may help manage their changing nutritional needs and prevent obesity. Joint supplements can also help support aging joints, especially if arthritis becomes an issue.



Health

The Brussels Griffon is generally a healthy breed with a life expectancy of 12 to 15 years, but they can be prone to some specific health conditions:

  • Brachycephalic Syndrome: Due to their short muzzle, they can have breathing difficulties, especially in hot weather or during intense exercise.
  • Patellar Luxation: A condition where the kneecap slips out of place, causing discomfort or lameness.
  • Eye Problems: Due to their prominent eyes, Brussels Griffons are prone to eye injuries and conditions like cataracts or corneal ulcers.

Owners should watch for signs such as:

Snoring or labored breathing (indicative of brachycephalic issues).
Limping or difficulty moving (signs of patellar luxation).
Cloudy or red eyes (potential signs of eye conditions).

Routine veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor for health issues. Regular eye exams, joint evaluations, and careful attention to their weight can help prevent common health problems. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding over-exertion in hot weather can reduce the risk of breathing problems and joint issues.

Black and red Brussels Griffon puppies standing together on a sandy beach

Puppy-Proofing Your Home:

  • Remove hazards: Brussels Griffons are curious little creatures. Tuck away small objects, electrical cords, and anything chewable.
  • Use baby gates: These tiny pups can be quick and mischievous. Baby gates help limit access to areas where supervision is needed.
  • Set up a crate: A cozy, appropriately sized crate can help with potty training and give your pup a quiet space to relax.

Essential Supplies:

  • Collar & leash: A lightweight collar and leash are ideal for their small size, and a harness may help protect their delicate necks on walks.
  • Food and water bowls: Choose shallow bowls to accommodate their small snouts.
  • High-quality puppy food: Select food designed for small breeds to support their growth and energetic lifestyle.
  • Grooming tools: Brussels Griffons come in two coat types—smooth and rough. For rough-coated Griffons, regular brushing with a pin brush and a grooming comb is essential, while smooth-coated Griffons need occasional brushing.

Though small, Brussels Griffons are spirited and enjoy playtime. They might not need as much exercise as larger breeds, but they still benefit from mental stimulation and fun activities.

  • Interactive play: Games like fetch or tug-of-war are great for bonding and burning off energy.
  • Puzzle toys: These dogs are intelligent and curious, so puzzle toys or treat-dispensing toys keep them mentally stimulated.
  • Short walks: Griffons enjoy short walks, but keep in mind their small size and moderate exercise needs. They love to explore but can tire easily.
  • Canine sports: Some Brussels Griffons thrive in activities like agility or obedience trials. Their intelligence and eagerness to please make them great competitors, despite their size.

Brussels Griffons are notorious for their loyalty and sometimes comical mischief. Take, for instance, Oscar, a Brussels Griffon with a habit of trying to “help” during household chores. His owner once shared that Oscar would collect socks during laundry day and then hide them in various corners of the house—an unintentional yet hilarious form of “helpfulness.”

Then there’s Gigi, a Griffon who earned her stripes as the ultimate watchdog. Despite her small size, Gigi took her job seriously, barking at anyone approaching the door and only settling down once her owners gave the all-clear. Her protective nature was tempered by her affectionate side, as she’d quickly switch gears to cuddling once the “threat” was gone.

If you’re considering adoption, Brussels Griffons sometimes find themselves in need of a new home due to changes in their owners’ circumstances. Organizations like National Brussels Griffon Rescue, Inc. are dedicated to rescuing and rehoming these delightful dogs.

Adopted Griffons often adjust well to new environments, though they may need time to build trust if they’ve been through difficult experiences. Many rescue Brussels Griffons are older and may already have basic training, making the transition easier. Patience and consistency will help your new Griffon thrive, and they’ll soon show you their full, charming personality.

Fun Facts About the Brussels Griffon

  • Expression Queens and Kings: The Brussels Griffon is known for its almost human-like expressions. Their wide-set eyes, short snout, and expressive eyebrows give them a look of perpetual surprise—or judgment, depending on their mood. It’s this unique face that has earned them roles in TV shows and movies where a quirky, intelligent dog is needed.

  • Multiple Looks in One Breed: Brussels Griffons come in two coat types: rough and smooth. The rough coat is dense and wiry, while the smooth coat is short and sleek. Interestingly, the smooth-coated variety is often called a “Petit Brabançon”, which is technically a separate type but under the same breed umbrella.

  • Hypoallergenic Qualities: The Brussels Griffon’s rough coat is relatively low-shedding, which means they are often considered a good option for people with allergies. However, their coat requires regular grooming, especially for the rough-coated variety, to prevent matting and maintain its distinctive texture.

  • World War Survivor: The Brussels Griffon population took a hit during World War I and World War II, when many European breeds saw a dramatic decline. However, thanks to breeders in the United States and England, the breed survived and eventually rebounded, maintaining its popularity among dog enthusiasts.

Myths and Misconceptions

  • Just a Lap Dog: While Brussels Griffons love to snuggle, they’re not just lap dogs. They’re known for having bursts of energy and playfulness, often zipping around the house or engaging in games. They’re as likely to demand a round of fetch as they are to settle into your lap for a snooze.

  • Fragile and Delicate: Though they’re small, Brussels Griffons are surprisingly sturdy for their size. They’re not as delicate as some other toy breeds and can keep up with an active household, provided they don’t overexert themselves.

  • Difficult to Train: Some people believe that because Brussels Griffons are independent-minded and sometimes stubborn, they’re difficult to train. However, they are intelligent dogs who can excel in training with positive reinforcement and consistency. They often thrive in agility, obedience, and even trick training when given proper motivation.

  • Too Aloof for Children: Though Brussels Griffons may have an air of self-importance, they can get along well with children—especially if raised with them. Their playful side makes them good companions for older children who understand how to handle a small dog.

Conclusion: A Big Dog in a Little Package

The Brussels Griffon is a breed that defies expectations. With their rat-hunting roots and royal connections, they’re as multifaceted as they are charming. Whether you’re drawn to their expressive faces, their loyal personalities, or their quirky sense of humor, it’s easy to see why this small but mighty breed has won over hearts across the world. They may be petite, but in the world of dog breeds, the Brussels Griffon is living proof that good things really do come in small, adorable packages.

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